Antimicrobial activity of complete denture cleanser solutions based on sodium hypochlorite and Ricinus communis: a randomized clinical study

ABSTRACT To preserve oral health and to maintain the prosthetic devices, it is important not only to improve the properties of commonly known hygiene products, but also to investigate new materials with antimicrobial action. Objectives This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite (0.25% and 0.50%) and 10% Ricinus communis’ solutions against specific microorganisms. Material and Methods Sixty four maxillary complete denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures three times a day and to soak them (20 min/day) in the solutions: SH1: 0.25% sodium hypochlorite; SH2: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite; RC: 10% R. communis oil; and C: 0.85% saline (control). The solutions were used for 7 days in a randomized sequence. Following each period of use, there was a 1-week washout period. Antimicrobial activity was determined by Colony Forming Units (CFU) counts of Streptococcus mutans, Candida spp., and gram-negative microorganisms. For collecting biofilm, the internal surface of maxillary dentures was brushed with saline solution, and biofilm suspension obtained. After dilutions (100 - 10-3), aliquots were seeded in Mitis salivarius, CHROMagar Candida®, and MacConkey agar for detecting S. mutans, Candida spp., or gram-negative microorganisms, respectively. After incubation, colonies were counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated. Then, transformation - log10 (CFU+1) - data were analyzed using the Friedman test (α=0.05). Results showed significant differences between the solutions (p<0.001). Results All three solutions showed antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Against Candida spp., RC and SH1 solutions showed similar effect while SH2 showed superior activity. SH1 and SH2 solutions showed antimicrobial action against gram-negative microorganisms. The Candida species most frequently isolated was C. albicans, followed by C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. Conclusions The 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective and might be used to control denture biofilm. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated Candida sp.

Effectiveness of Denture Cleanser Associated With Microwave Disinfection and Brushing of Complete Dentures: In Vivo Study

Complete dentures acts as a reservoir for microbial colonization, which may lead to systemic infections. Microwave irradiation has been used as an efficient method of denture disinfection. Even though current methods eliminate denture-base microorganisms, a recurrence rate of denture stomatitis (DS) is still observed among denture-wearing patients. It was hypothesized that microwave disinfection kills microorganisms but do not remove dead bacteria from the denture surface. To test this hypothesis, the biofilm found in the dentures of 10 patients with DS was evaluated. In addition, the effects of microwave irradiation plus brushing (MW+B) on the denture biofilm and the combination of denture cleanser with microwave irradiation and brushing (MW+DC+B) for the removal of denture-accumulating microorganisms were investigated. Microbiological data were analyzed statistically by nonparametric analysis (Friedman/Wilcoxon, α=0.05). MW+B and MW+DC+B were effective in reducing the rate of microorganisms (99.2% and 99.5% respectively), but without significant difference between them (p=0.553). However, it was observed that the complete removal of microorganisms from denture surface was only possible when all regimens were combined (MW+DC+B). Microwave irradiation in combination with soaking in denture cleanser and brushing effectively disinfected the dentures and removed denture biofilm.

Próteses totais agem como um reservatório para a colonização microbiana, que pode levar a infecções sistêmicas. Irradiação com microondas tem sido usada como um método eficiente de desinfecção das próteses. Apesar dos métodos atuais eliminarem os microorganismos da base protética, uma taxa de recidiva ainda é observada entre pacientes que usam próteses dentárias. Hipotetizamos que a desinfecção com microondas consegue matar os microorganismos, mas não remove as bactérias mortas da superfície da prótese. Para testar essa hipótese, o biofilme encontrado nas próteses de 10 pacientes com estomatite protética foi analisado. Além disso, os efeitos da irradiação por microondas + escovação (MW+B) no biofilme da prótese e a associação de um higienizador de prótese com a irradiação por microondas e escovação (MW+DC+B) para a remoção dos microorganismos da prótese foram investigados. Dados microbiológicos foram avaliados por análise não paramétrica (Friedman/Wilcoxon, α=0,05). MW+B e MW+DC+B foram efetivos em reduzir a taxa de microorganismos (99,2% e 99,5%, respectivamente), mas não houve diferença significativa entre eles (p=0,553). Entretanto, observamos que a completa remoção dos microorganismos só foi possível quando todos os métodos foram associados (MW+DC+B). Irradiação por microondas associada à imersão em higienizador de prótese e escovação efetivamente desinfetou a prótese e removeu o biofilme da prótese.

Complete denture biofilm after brushing with specific denture paste, neutral soap and artificial saliva

This study compared the levels of biofilm in maxillary and mandibular complete dentures and evaluated the number of colony-forming units (cfu) of yeasts, after using auxiliary brushing agents and artificial saliva. Twenty-three denture wearers with hyposalivation and xerostomia were instructed to brush the dentures 3 times a day during 3 weeks with the following products: Corega Brite denture dentifrice, neutral liquid soap, Corega Brite combined with Oral Balance (artificial saliva) or tap water. For biofilm quantification, the internal surfaces of the dentures were disclosed, photographed and measured using a software. For microbiological analysis, the biofilm was scrapped off, and the harvested material was diluted, sown in CHROMagar™ Candida and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Mandibular dentures presented a mean biofilm percentage (µ=26.90 ± 21.10) significantly greater than the maxillary ones (µ=18.0 ± 15.0) (p<0.05). Brushing using Corega Brite combined with Oral Balance (µ=15.87 ± 18.47) was more effective (p<0.05) than using the denture dentifrice (µ=19.47 ± 17.24), neutral soap (µ=23.90 ± 18.63) or tap water (control; µ=32.50 ± 20.68). For the microbiological analysis, the chi-square test did not indicate significant difference between the hygiene products for either type of denture. The more frequently isolated species of yeasts were C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. In conclusion, mandibular dentures had more biofilm formation than maxillary ones. Denture brushing with Corega Brite dentifrice combined with the use of Oral Balance was the most effective method for reduction of biofilm levels, but the use of products did not show difference in yeast cfu counts.

Este estudo comparou os níveis de biofilme em próteses totais maxilares e mandibulares, e analisou o número de unidades formadoras de colônias de leveduras, após o uso de agentes auxiliares da escovação e saliva artificial. Vinte e três usuários de próteses totais com hipossalivação e xerostomia foram orientados a escovar as dentaduras 3 vezes ao dia durante 3 semanas com os seguintes produtos: Corega Brite (dentifrício para prótese), sabonete líquido neutro, Corega Brite associado com o uso do Oral Balance (saliva artificial) ou água de torneira. Para a quantificação do biofilme, as superfícies internas das próteses totais foram evidenciadas, fotografadas e o biofilme quantificado com o auxílio de um software. Para a análise microbiológica, o biofilme foi removido por escovação, coletado, diluído, semeado em meio seletivo CHROMagar™ Candida e incubado a 37°C por 48 h. A análise de variância para dois fatores (p<0,05%) mostrou que as próteses mandibulares apresentaram uma média de porcentagem de biofilme (µ=26,90±21,10) maior que as maxilares (µ=18±15). O teste complementar de Tukey (0,46; p<5%) mostrou que a escovação com Corega Brite e Oral Balance (µ=15,87 ± 18,47) foi mais efetiva que o dentifrício (µ=19,47 ± 17,24), sabonete neutro (µ=23,90 ± 18,63), ou água de torneira (controle; µ=32,50 ± 20,68). Em relação á análise microbiológica, o teste de Qui-Quadrado não indicou diferença entre os produtos de higiene, para ambas as próteses. As espécies de leveduras mais comumente isoladas foram C. albicans, C. tropicalis e C. glabrata. Em conclusão, as próteses mandibulares apresentaram mais biofilme do que as maxilares. Além disso, a escovação das próteses com o Corega Brite associado ao uso do Oralbalance foi o método mais efetivo na redução dos níveis de biofilme, entretanto o uso dos produtos não demonstrou diferença no número de ufc de leveduras.

The effectiveness of chemical denture cleansers and ultrasonic device in biofilm removal from complete dentures

Adequate denture hygiene can prevent and treat infection in edentulous patients. They are usually elderly and have difficulty for brushing their teeth. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy of complete denture biofilm removal using chemical (alkaline peroxide-effervescent tablets), mechanical (ultrasonic) and combined (association of the effervescent and ultrasonic) methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty complete denture wearers participated in the experiment for 21 days. They were distributed into 4 groups (n=20): (1) Brushing with water (Control); (2) Effervescent tablets (Corega Tabs); (3) Ultrasonic device (Ultrasonic Cleaner, model 2840 D); (4) Association of effervescent tablets and ultrasonic device. All groups brushed their dentures with a specific brush (Bitufo) and water, 3 times a day, before applying their treatments. Denture biofilm was collected at baseline and after 21 days. To quantify the biofilm, the internal surfaces of the maxillary complete dentures were stained and photographed at 45º. The photographs were processed and the areas (total internal surface stained with biofilm) quantified (Image Tool 2.02). The percentage of the biofilm was calculated by the ratio between the biofilm area multiplied by 100 and the total area of the internal surface of the maxillary complete denture. RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison among groups followed by the Dunn multiple-comparison test. All tests were performed respecting a significance level of 0.05. Significant difference was found among the treatments (KW=21.18; P<0.001), the mean ranks for the treatments and results for Dunn multiple comparison test were: Control (60.9); Chemical (37.2); Mechanical (35.2) and Combined (29.1). CONCLUSION: The experimental methods were equally effective regarding the ability to remove biofilm and were superior to the control method (brushing with water). Immersion in alkaline peroxide and ultrasonic vibration can be used as auxiliary agents for cleaning complete dentures.

Candidal count in patients with complete dental prostheses

The aim of the analysis was to compare the candidal count at the time of insertion and after one month of wearing complete dentures. It was a quasi-experimental study which was carried out at Department of Prosthodontics, Lahore Medical and Dental College. Study group consisted of forty edentulous patients with no previous denture history. They obtained new complete dentures. Samples were taken using the oral rinse technique and cultured on sabouraud agar. Candidal colonies were detected and counted as colony forming units at the time of insertion and after one month of wearing complete dentures. To confirm presence of Candida gram staining and germ tube test were also carried out. Change in candidal count was significantly higher after one month of wearing complete dentures [p=0.0001]. Difference in candidal count was significantly higher in females than males. Candidal count was significant after wearing complete dentures and this should be considered as an important factor that can pre-dispose the patients to Candida induced denture stomatitis

Antimicrobial resistance of aerobes and facultative anaerobes isolated from the oral cavity

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the resistance to antimicrobials of aerobes and facultative anaerobes isolated from patients wearing complete dentures, patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, and periodontally health subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and four isolates were tested. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs were evaluated through the agar dilution method using Mueller-Hinton agar. RESULTS: The most active antimicrobial drugs were the carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem), and resistance to these drugs was restrict to 1.6-2.3 percent of the isolates, as well as ciprofloxacin and rifampin. Microbial resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, cephalothin, amikacin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid was particularly high. In most cases, the resistance to β-lactams was mediated by the production of hydrolytic enzymes, especially in gram-negative enteric rods, while enterococci did not evidence production of these enzymes. The association amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was not effective in 28.3 percent of the tested isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation confirmed that the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis and gingivitis, and particularly edentulous patients wearing complete dentures could harbor microorganisms with several antimicrobial resistance markers, and these microorganisms are frequently implicated in multiresistant, systemic, oral or nosocomial infections.

Clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of NitrAdineTM-based disinfecting cleaning tablets in complete denture wearers

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the efficacy of NitrAdineTM-based disinfecting cleaning tablets for complete denture, in terms of denture biofilm removal and antimicrobial action. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty complete denture wearers (14 men and 26 women) with a mean age of 62.3±9.0 years were randomly assigned to two groups and were instructed to clean their dentures according to two methods: brushing (control) - 3 times a day with denture brush and tap water following meals; brushing and immersion (Experimental) - brushing the denture 3 times a day with denture brush and tap water following meals and immersion of the denture in NitrAdineTM-based denture tablets (Medical InterporousTM). Each method was used for 21 days. Denture biofilm was disclosed by a 1 percent neutral red solution and quantified by means of digital photos taken from the internal surface before and after the use of the product. Microbiological assessment was conducted to quantify Candida sp. RESULTS: An independent t-test revealed a significant lower biofilm percentage for the experimental group (4.7, 95 percent CI 2.4 to 7.9) in comparison with the control group (mean 37.5, 95 percent CI 28.2 to 48.1) (t38=7.996, p<0.001). A significant reduction of yeast colony forming units could be found after treatment with Medical InterporousTM denture tablets as compared to the control group (Mann-Whitney test, Z=1.90; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that NitrAdineTM-based disinfecting cleaning tablets are efficient in removal of denture biofilm. In addition, a clear antimicrobial action was demonstrated. Therefore, they should be recommended as a routine denture maintenance method for the prevention of the development of microbial biofilm induced denture stomatitis.

A microbiological evaluation of the use of denture cleansers in combination with an oral rinse in complete denture patients.

Background and Aim : Patients with complete dentures more occasionally neglect their denture and oral health by improper maintenance of dentures, resulting in bad oral and denture hygiene. This may lead to a host of multiple local and systemic problems such as stomatitis, bacterial and fungal infections, reservoirs for distant infections, denture stains and bad breath. Most denture wearers maintain their dentures with simple manual cleansing methods, which are not adequate to effectively sanitize the reservoir of microorganisms inhabiting the denture surfaces. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of the use of a denture cleanser and compare it with an adjunct use of chlorhexidine mouth rinse along with the denture cleanser and possibly suggest it as a suitable protocol. Materials and Methods : Two groups of complete denture patients were selected for the study. The total number of patients in each group was 12 and the total period of the study was 21 days. Three sets of microbiological samples were collected from each patient: before the start of the study, on day 8 and on day 21 of the study. The first sample was collected after an initial washover period (7 days) with plain water before the start of the study and the second set after 1 week of study initiation, where group-1 followed protocol-I (denture cleanser only) and group-2 followed protocol-II (denture cleanser and mouth rinse). A second washout period of 7 days followed and a crossover of the protocol was performed for the groups and followed for 1 week. Then, a third set of samples were collected. The colony-forming units were calculated for each patient for each sample and statistically analyzed. Friedman test for non-parametric analysis was employed for the comparison within the groups and a Mann-Whitney test was used for the statistical comparison between the groups. Results : There was a definite reduction in the bacterial numbers and a significant statistical difference after administering the protocols in both the groups (P<0.001). However, there was little significance on comparing the samples between the groups (P=0.026) in the initial study period, and there was no statistical significance when comparing the groups after the crossover (P=0.140). Conclusion : The use of denture cleansers definitely reduced the microbial numbers as compared to plain manual cleansing methods in complete dentures. Although there was a substantial decrease in the bacterial colonies after the use of the mouthwash, it was not statistically significant.

Detecção da expressão dos genes HWP1, ALS1 e ALS3 de C. albicans, por meio de RT-PCR em tempo real, após desinfecção química e por microonda, de resina acrílica para confecção de dentaduras / HWP1, ALS1 and ALS3 genes expression in Candida albicans after chemical or microwave disinfection of acrylic resin for denture prosthesis using real time PCR

A desinfecção de dentaduras promove o controle do biofilme microbiano e previne doenças, como a estomatite por uso de dentadura, associada à presença de Candida albicans. A expressão dos genes HWP1, ALS1, ALS3 deste fungo está relacionada à adesão das células fúngicas às do hospedeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar e quantificar a expressão desses genes em células planctônicas e biofilme de Candida albicans, desenvolvidos sobre superfícies de resina acrílica, após tratamento com dois métodos de desinfecção. Corpos de prova de resina acrílica, previamente tratados por hipoclorito de sódio 1%, microondas, e um grupo não tratado, foram inoculados com Candida albicans para desenvolvimento de biofilme. O biofilme e as células planctônicas foram coletados em três tempos distintos, correspondentes às etapas de desenvolvimento do biofilme: inicial (6h), intermediária (12h) e madura (48h) e a expressão gênica foi quantificada pelo ensaio de RT-PCR em tempo real. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico ANOVA two-way e pós-teste de Bonferroni; valores de p<0,05, p<0,01 e p<0,001 foram considerados significantes. Os três genes avaliados foram detectados e quantificados por RT-PCR em tempo real, em biofilmes e células planctônicas, independente do grupo de tratamento ou tempo de desenvolvimento do biofilme. A expressão dos genes ALS1 e ALS3 variou de acordo com o tempo de desenvolvimento do biofilme e, e com o tratamento da superfície. Ocorreu diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre a expressão desses genes nas superfícies tratadas por hipoclorito de sódio e microondas, além de diferenças significativas (p<0,001) na expressão gênica entre células planctônicas e biofilme, para os tratamentos avaliados. Concluiu-se que os tratamentos de desinfecção alteram o padrão da expressão dos genes ALS1 e ALS3 em biofilmes desenvolvidos sobre superfície de resina acrílica e em células planctônicas e este padrão foi diferente entre os tratamentos de desinfecção.

Complete dentures disinfection promotes biofilm control and prevents diseases such as denture stomatitis associated with the presence of Candida albicans infection. The expression of the genes HWP1, ALS1, ALS3 in this fungus is related to the adhesion of fungal cells to the host tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and quantify the expression of these genes in planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans, developed on acrylic resin surfaces, after treatment with two disinfection methods. Specimens of acrylic resin, previously treated by 1% sodium hypochlorite or microwave, and an untreated group were inoculated with Candida albicans for biofilm development. Biofilm and planktonic cells were collected at three different time points corresponding to biofilm development stages: initial (6 h), intermediate (12h) and mature (48h). The total RNA of these samples was obtained and the gene expression for mRNA of HWP1, ALS1 and ALS3 were quantified by Real-Time RT-PCR assay. The data obtained were assessed throught two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. Significant levels were determined for p values at <0.05. The three genes were detected and quantified in both biofilms and planktonic cells regardless of treatment condition or time of biofilm development. ALS1 and ALS3 expression varied according to the time point, and surface treatment. Significant differences (p <0.001) were showed between gene expression on surfaces treated with sodium hypochlorite and microwave, and significant differences (p <0.001) were showed in gene expression between planktonic and biofilm cells. It can be concluded that the disinfection procedures affect the ALS1 and ALS3 expression patterns in Candida albicans denture biofilms and planktonic cells. Additionaly, differential gene expression patterns were observed among the disinfection treatments.

Detecção da expressão dos genes HWP1, ALS1 e ALS3 de C. albicans, por meio de RT-PCR em tempo real, após desinfecção química e por microonda, de resina acrílica para confecção de dentaduras / HWP1, ALS1 and ALS3 genes expression in Candida albicans after chemical or microwave disinfection of acrylic resin for denture prosthesis using real time PCR

A desinfecção de dentaduras promove o controle do biofilme microbiano e previne doenças, como a estomatite por uso de dentadura, associada à presença de Candida albicans. A expressão dos genes HWP1, ALS1, ALS3 deste fungo está relacionada à adesão das células fúngicas às do hospedeiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar e quantificar a expressão desses genes em células planctônicas e biofilme de Candida albicans, desenvolvidos sobre superfícies de resina acrílica, após tratamento com dois métodos de desinfecção. Corpos de prova de resina acrílica, previamente tratados por hipoclorito de sódio 1%, microondas, e um grupo não tratado, foram inoculados com Candida albicans para desenvolvimento de biofilme. O biofilme e as células planctônicas foram coletados em três tempos distintos, correspondentes às etapas de desenvolvimento do biofilme: inicial (6h), intermediária (12h) e madura (48h) e a expressão gênica foi quantificada pelo ensaio de RT-PCR em tempo real. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico ANOVA two-way e pós-teste de Bonferroni; valores de p<0,05, p<0,01 e p<0,001 foram considerados significantes. Os três genes avaliados foram detectados e quantificados por RT-PCR em tempo real, em biofilmes e células planctônicas, independente do grupo de tratamento ou tempo de desenvolvimento do biofilme. A expressão dos genes ALS1 e ALS3 variou de acordo com o tempo de desenvolvimento do biofilme e, e com o tratamento da superfície. Ocorreu diferença significativa (p<0,001) entre a expressão desses genes nas superfícies tratadas por hipoclorito de sódio e microondas, além de diferenças significativas (p<0,001) na expressão gênica entre células planctônicas e biofilme, para os tratamentos avaliados. Concluiu-se que os tratamentos de desinfecção alteram o padrão da expressão dos genes ALS1 e ALS3 em biofilmes desenvolvidos sobre superfície de resina acrílica e em células planctônicas e este padrão foi diferente entre os tratamentos de desinfecção.

Complete dentures disinfection promotes biofilm control and prevents diseases such as denture stomatitis associated with the presence of Candida albicans infection. The expression of the genes HWP1, ALS1, ALS3 in this fungus is related to the adhesion of fungal cells to the host tissues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and quantify the expression of these genes in planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans, developed on acrylic resin surfaces, after treatment with two disinfection methods. Specimens of acrylic resin, previously treated by 1% sodium hypochlorite or microwave, and an untreated group were inoculated with Candida albicans for biofilm development. Biofilm and planktonic cells were collected at three different time points corresponding to biofilm development stages: initial (6 h), intermediate (12h) and mature (48h). The total RNA of these samples was obtained and the gene expression for mRNA of HWP1, ALS1 and ALS3 were quantified by Real-Time RT-PCR assay. The data obtained were assessed throught two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test. Significant levels were determined for p values at <0.05. The three genes were detected and quantified in both biofilms and planktonic cells regardless of treatment condition or time of biofilm development. ALS1 and ALS3 expression varied according to the time point, and surface treatment. Significant differences (p <0.001) were showed between gene expression on surfaces treated with sodium hypochlorite and microwave, and significant differences (p <0.001) were showed in gene expression between planktonic and biofilm cells. It can be concluded that the disinfection procedures affect the ALS1 and ALS3 expression patterns in Candida albicans denture biofilms and planktonic cells. Additionaly, differential gene expression patterns were observed among the disinfection treatments.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate on Candida albicans adherence to thermally activated acrylic resin

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5 percent sodium bicarbonate on the adherence of Candida albicans to thermally activated acrylic resin. Fifty 4 mm² specimens of acrylic resin were obtained using a metallic matrix. The specimens received chemical polishing, were sterilized and then immersed in Sabouraud broth, inoculated with Candida albicans standardized suspension. After 24 hours of incubation at 37ºC, the specimens were divided into four groups according to the substance used for disinfection (5 percent sodium bicarbonate, 0.12 percent digluconate chlorhexidine, vinegar and Corega Tabs). A control group was included, in which distilled water was used. The adhered microorganisms were dispersed, diluted and plated onto culture media to determine the number of colony-forming units (cfu/mL). The results were analyzed through the Mann-Whitney statistical test at the 5 percent level of significance. Only 0.12 percent digluconate chlorhexidine and 5 percent sodium bicarbonate presented a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0010 and p = 0.0156, respectively) compared to the control group, decreasing the number of cfu/mL. However, when the different disinfecting solutions were compared with each other, only 0.12 percent digluconate chlorhexidine presented a statistically significant difference in the reduction of cfu/mL. It was concluded that although 0.12 percent digluconate chlorhexidine was more effective in the reduction of Candida albicans adherence values to thermally activated acrylic resin, 5 percent sodium bicarbonate also proved to be a viable alternative.

Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonadaceae on the dorsum of the human tongue

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to correlate the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae and Xanthomonadaceae on the posterior dorsum of the human tongue with the presence of tongue coating, gender, age, smoking habit and denture use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bacteria were isolated from the posterior tongue dorsum of 100 individuals in MacConkey agar medium and were identified by the API 20E system (Biolab-Mérieux). RESULTS: 43 percent of the individuals, presented the target microorganisms on the tongue dorsum, with greater prevalence among individuals between 40 and 50 years of age (p = 0.001) and non-smokers (p=0.0485). CONCLUSIONS: A higher prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae was observed on the tongue dorsum of the individuals evaluated. There was no correlation between these species and the presence and thickness of tongue coating, gender and presence of dentures.

Prevalencia de Candida spp en la cavidad oral de una población de adultos mayores en Uruguay / Candida spp prevalence on an elderly Uruguayan population

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de Candida spp en la mucosa de la cavidad oral de un grupo de adultos mayores. Se estudiaron 48 pacientes del Hospital Español, del Servicio Odontológico de la Cooperativa de Previsión Social y dela Facultad de Odontología de la UCU, portadores de prótesis completas cuyas edades oscilaban entre 60 y 95 años. La prevalencia de Candida spp en el total de las 48 muestras fue de 77% de C. albicans; 28% de C. tropicalis; 23% de C. glabrata; 7,8% de Candida dubliniensis; 2,6% de Candida krusei y 2,6% de C. parapsilosis. De las muestras obtenidas, 52% de los pacientes presentaron un recuento de Candida mayor de 400 UFC/ml de dilución, 14% de recuentos de Candida entre 100 y 400UFC/ml de dilución, 15% de recuentos de Candida entre 0 y 100 UFC/ml de dilución y en 19% no hubo desarrollo.

Our objective was to determine the prevalence of yeasts isolated from oral cavity of a group of elder people. We studied 48 patients of the ®Hospital Español, ®Servicio Odontológico de la Cooperativa de la Previsión Social and ®Facultad de Odontología-UCU. They were denture wearers (complete denture) and their ages were between 60 and 95 years old. The prevalence of Candida spp of the 48 samples was: 77% of C.albicans; 28% of C.tropicalis; 23% of C.glabrata; 7,8% of Candida dubliniensis; 2,6% of Candida krusei y 2,6% of C.parapsilosis. 52% of the patients had Candida more than 400 UFC/ml of thedilution, 14% between 100 and 400 UFC/ml of the dilution, 15% between 0 and 100 UFC/ml and 19% had no growth.

Resistance to tetracycline and β-lactams and distribution of resistance markers in enteric microorganisms and pseudomonads isolated from the oral cavity

This study evaluated the occurrence of enteric bacteria and pseudomonads resistant to tetracycline and β-lactams in the oral cavity of patients exhibiting gingivitis (n=89), periodontitis (n=79), periodontally healthy (n=50) and wearing complete dentures (n=41). Microbial identification and presence of resistance markers associated with the production of β-lactamases and tetracycline resistance were performed by using biochemical tests and PCR. Susceptibility tests were carried out in 201 isolates of enteric cocci and rods. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, meropenem and tetracycline was detected in 57.4 percent, 34.6 percent, 2.4 percent, 1.9 percent and 36.5 percent of the isolates, respectively. β-lactamase production was observed in 41.2 percent of tested microorganisms, while the most commonly found β-lactamase genetic determinant was gene blaTEM. Tetracycline resistance was disseminated and a wide scope of tet genes were detected in all studied microbial genus.

Comparative study of methods for the quantification of biofilm on complete dentures

Este estudo comparou a aplicação e a confiabilidade de quatro métodos de quantificação de biofilme (computadorizado, pesagem de papel, contagem de pontos e planimétrico) em próteses totais, verificando a correlação entre eles. As superfícies internas de 62 próteses totais foram coradas (eritrosina a 5%) e fotografadas. Os diapositivos foram projetados em papel, e as áreas (total e com biofilme corado) foram contornadas com grafite. Estas áreas foram medidas com uma grade de pontos eqüidistantes (método de contagem de pontos), um planímetro digital (método planimétrico) e, para o método de pesagem de papel, foram recortadas e pesadas em balança de precisão. No método computadorizado, foram medidas com um software (ImageTool). Com o objetivo de realizar um teste de validação dos quatro métodos, estes foram aplicados também em diapositivos de figuras geométricas de dimensões conhecidas. Os testes de correlação mostraram altos valores de correlação (r = 0,82 a 0,99) entre os métodos. O teste de validação (ANOVA) não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medidas reais dos desenhos geométricos e aquelas obtidas pelos quatro métodos quantitativos. Os métodos quantitativos mostraram-se eficazes e confiáveis na mensuração dos níveis de biofilme em próteses totais, podendo ser úteis em estudos experimentais da eficiência de produtos de higiene. O método computadorizado mostrou-se rápido e de fácil aplicação.

Perfil de utilização de próteses totais em idosos e avaliação da eficácia de sua higienização / Outlines for the usage of complete denture prostheses in seniors and its evaluations of effectiveness and its cleansing

A pirâmide populacional brasileira tem sofrido modificações ao longo dos últimos anos, devido à elevação da esperança de vida ao nascer e conseqüentemente ao envelhecimento populacional. Grande parte da população idosa atual passou por uma odontologia essencialmente curativista, onde a prática de extrações era o principal procedimento terapêutico, motivo pelo qual a maioria absoluta dos idosos ou são usuários de próteses, ou necessitam utiliza-las. Assim este estudo foi desenvolvido com o propósito de avaliar a eficácia da higienização no controle da placa bacteriana de próteses totais superiores em um grupo de idosos, bem como levantar algumas informações referentes à utilização de próteses totais nesta população. Participaram da pesquisa oitenta indivíduos participantes de um Grupo de terceira Idade do Município de Piacatu/SP. Foram efetuadas entrevistas por meio de questionários, procurando levantar o perfil de utilização de prótese total, e em um grupo de 43 indivíduos, fora determinado o índice de placa para a prótese total superior em dois tempos distintos. Do total de oitenta participantes, 72 eram usuários de prótese total, ou seja 90% da população estudada; 47 (65,27%) utilizam prótese total há mais de vinte anos, 32 (44,44%) nunca promoveram a substituição da prótese, e 53 (73,61%) disseram não apresentar dificuldades quanto a higienização das mesmas. Já em relação ao índice de placa bacteriana presente nas próteses, houve uma sensível melhora comparando-se as duas mensurações.